Contact lenses articles

December 31, 2007

Matte box Lens

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A matte box is a camera accessory that essentially does the same thing as a lens hood and also mounts in front of the lens, but usually includes adjustable fins called French flags. These can be moved and adjusted to reduce lens glare.

Another purpose of a matte box is to hold glass or plastic filters in place in front of the lens. Today, matte boxes are made for DV cameras and HD cameras for the same reasons as a film camera. Some are supported by two rods that run the length of the camera, while others are supported by the lens itself.

Michael Johnson of Johnson &

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Michael Johnson or Mike Johnson may refer to:

  • Michael Johnson (singer) (born 1944)
  • Mike Johnson (guitarist) (born 1952)
  • Mike Johnson (bassist) (born 1965)
  • Michael Johnson (athlete) (born 1967), multiple Olympic and World Championship winner
  • Michael Johnson (politician) (born 1970)
  • Michael Johnson (footballer born 1973)
  • Mike Johnson (ice hockey) (born 1974)
  • Mike Johnson (baseball) (born 1975)
  • Michael Johnson (drummer) (born 1982)
  • Michael Johnson (Australian rules footballer) (born 1984)
  • Michael Johnson (footballer born 1988)
  • Mike Johnson (American football), former NFL player for the Cleveland Browns
  • Mike Johnson (animator), co-director of Corpse Bride
  • Mike Johnson (technologist)
  • Mike Johnson (paralympic athlete)
  • Mike Johnson (The Real World)
  • Michael Johnson (bowls)
  • Michael Johnson (ODNI)

Michael Johnson may also be used for:

  • Crispus Attucks, a sailor who used the alias Michael Johnson

Achromatic lens lenses

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An achromatic lens or achromat is a lens that is designed to limit the effects of chromatic and spherical aberration.

The most common type of achromat is the achromatic doublet, which is composed of two individual lenses made from glasses with different amounts of dispersion. Usually one element is a concave lens made out of flint glass, which has relatively high dispersion, while the other, convex, element is made of crown glass, which has lower dispersion. The lens elements are mounted next to each other and shaped so that the chromatic aberration of one is counterbalanced by the chromatic aberration of the other, while the positive power of the crown lens element is not quite equalled by the negative power of the flint lens element. Together they form a weak positive lens that will bring two different wavelengths of light to a common focus. Achromatic lenses are corrected to bring two wavelengths (typically red and blue) into focus in the same plane.

Credit for the first invention, around 1733, of the achromatic refracting lens is given to an English barrister named Chester Moore Hall.

The exact date of the first achromatic doublet’s creation is not known, nor is the name of the person who first accomplished the task. Theoretical considerations of the feasibility of the system were debated in the 18th century following Newton’s statement that such a correction was impossible (see History of the telescope). Some of the concepts were demonstrated with lenses made of glass and water, but the first useful lenses were not known to have been made until the early 18th century by George Bass under the direction of Hall. The first patent for an achromatic doublet was awarded to John Dollond around 1758 following his independent theoretical and experimental work.

The triple achromat, which reduced secondary colour defects, was invented in 1763 by Peter Dollond.


See also

  • Achromatic telescope
  • Apochromat

Triple fault States with the exception

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A triple fault is a special kind of exception generated by the CPU when an exception occurs while the CPU is trying to invoke the double fault exception handler, which itself handles exceptions occurring while trying to invoke a regular exception handler.

x86 processors beginning with the 80286 will cause a SHUTDOWN cycle to occur when a triple fault is hit, which typically leads to the motherboard hardware initiating a reset of the CPU and in turn the whole computer.

Contents


Possible Causes of Triple Faults

Triple faults indicate a problem with the operating system kernel or device drivers. In modern operating systems, a triple fault is typically caused by a buffer overflow or underflow in a device driver which writes over the interrupt descriptor table. When the next interrupt happens, the processor cannot call either the needed interrupt handler or the double fault handler because the descriptors in the IDT are corrupted.

Triple faults may also be caused by incorrect kernel settings, such as using the wrong hardware abstraction layer in Windows.


Virtual machines

In Microsoft Virtual PC, if the virtual machine experiences a triple fault a warning box pops up with the message “An unrecoverable processor error has occurred”.


Other uses

  • Some operating system kernels such as Linux use triple faults as a last effort in their rebooting process. It does this by setting the IDTR register to 0 and then issuing an interrupt. Since the table now has length 0, all attempts to access it fail and the processor generates a triple fault. Note that this is not the preferred method of restarting the computer; using the ACPI is tried first.


See also

  • Double fault

Achromatic lens contact lenses

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An achromatic lens or achromat is a lens that is designed to limit the effects of chromatic and spherical aberration.

The most common type of achromat is the achromatic doublet, which is composed of two individual lenses made from glasses with different amounts of dispersion. Usually one element is a concave lens made out of flint glass, which has relatively high dispersion, while the other, convex, element is made of crown glass, which has lower dispersion. The lens elements are mounted next to each other and shaped so that the chromatic aberration of one is counterbalanced by the chromatic aberration of the other, while the positive power of the crown lens element is not quite equalled by the negative power of the flint lens element. Together they form a weak positive lens that will bring two different wavelengths of light to a common focus. Achromatic lenses are corrected to bring two wavelengths (typically red and blue) into focus in the same plane.

Credit for the first invention, around 1733, of the achromatic refracting lens is given to an English barrister named Chester Moore Hall.

The exact date of the first achromatic doublet’s creation is not known, nor is the name of the person who first accomplished the task. Theoretical considerations of the feasibility of the system were debated in the 18th century following Newton’s statement that such a correction was impossible (see History of the telescope). Some of the concepts were demonstrated with lenses made of glass and water, but the first useful lenses were not known to have been made until the early 18th century by George Bass under the direction of Hall. The first patent for an achromatic doublet was awarded to John Dollond around 1758 following his independent theoretical and experimental work.

The triple achromat, which reduced secondary colour defects, was invented in 1763 by Peter Dollond.


See also

  • Achromatic telescope
  • Apochromat

Full contact contact

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Full contact may refer to:

  • Full-contact sport
  • Full Contact, a 1993 Hong Kong action film directed by Ringo Lam

Extension tube Lens

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An extension tube is an accessory for cameras with interchangeable lenses, used primarily for macro photography. The tube contains no optical elements; its sole purpose is to move the lens farther from the film or digital sensor. The farther away the lens is, the closer the focus, the greater the magnification, and also the greater the loss of light (requiring a longer exposure time). Lenses classically focus closer than infinity by moving all optical elements farther from the film or sensor; an extension tube simply extends this movement. When a lens is focused at infinity, its maximum magnification is the length of the extension divided by the focal length of the lens.

Extension tubes without electrical contacts will not allow an electronic automatic camera to control the lens, thus disabling autofocus and in some cases forcing a user to shoot wide open unless the lens offers manual aperture control. More expensive extension tubes contain electrical contacts allowing the user to use autofocus and electronically control the aperture of the attached lens.

Other items like lens adapters may unintentionally have an effect similar to an extension tube.

Fundamental theorem of curves Base curve

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In differential geometry, the fundamental theorem of curves states that any regular curve with non-zero curvature has its shape (and size) completely determined by its curvature and torsion.

A curve can be described, and thereby defined, by a pair of scalar fields: curvature <math>\kappa</math> and torsion <math>\tau</math>, both of which depend on some parameter which parametrizes the curve but which can ideally be the arc length of the curve. From just the curvature and torsion, the vector fields for the tangent, normal, and binormal vectors can be derived using the Frenet-Serret formulas. Then, integration of the tangent field (done numerically, if not analytically) yields the curve.

If a pair of curves are in different positions but have the same curvature and torsion, then they are congruent to each other.

Ross (optics) Lens

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Ross is the name of a succession of London-based lens designers and their company.

Andrew Ross (1798–1859) founded his company in 1830, from 1840 producing camera lenses signed “A. Ross”. Particularly during Andrew Ross’s lifetime, the company was one of the foremost lens companies. In the twentieth century, Ross continued to produce lenses, but also produced binoculars, epidiascopes, etc.

After World War II Ross produced lenses for Ensign, MPP, and other cameras.

Ross was taken over by Avimo in 1975; Avimo was later taken over by Thales Optics.


Source

Wilkinson, Matthew, and Colin Glanfield. A lens collector’s vade mecum. (CD publication) “Version 7/5/2001″ (7 May 2001).

Parfocal lens Lens

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A parfocal lens is a microscope objective or camera lens that stays approximately in focus when the magnification is changed. For example, if a microscope is switched from a low power objective (10×) to a higher power one (40× or 43×), the object stays in focus. Similarly, in professional cameras (as well as some compact ones, such as the EX-S770), the object remains in focus as the zoom changes.

A parfocal lens is not present in most light microscopes, although higher quality light microscopes may possess one.

Abu sadj Divdad ben Yusuf ben Abu Said referred

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Abu sadj Divdad ben Yusuf ben Abu Said (ruled 865-871) was an Abbasid Wali he is referred to as “Abu Sadr”. He ruled the province of Atrpatakan commonly referred to as “Bakudaristan”.

Cooke Optics Contact Lenses Information about

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Cooke Optics Ltd. is a camera lenses manufacturing company based in Leicester known earlier as Taylor, Taylor and Hobson (TTH).

T. S. Taylor, an optician, his brother W. Taylor, an engineer, and a Mr Hobson, a businessman, formed the company in 1888. An employee, R. Taylor (no relation), devised a triplet lens in the 1890s that was made under licence by Voigtländer and other companies. From its start, TTH was intertwined with T. Cooke & Sons of York; many TTH lenses are named Cooke.

Bell & Howell took control of the company in 1930, but it was sold to the Rank in 1946.

After the war, TTH made camera lenses for the British Kershaw, for the Bell & Howell Foton, and for the Reid and Sigrist Leica copy. They were better known for their cine lenses, for Bell & Howell and other cameras.

In 1998, Cooke Optics Limited was a new Company formed following a buy-out of the Optical division of Taylor Hobson Limited. They now design and manufacture 35mm lenses for the film industry. Chairman Les Zellan led the buy-out and Dave Stevens is Managing Director of the Leicester based facility. The Company distribute to over 60 countries worldwide and export 90% of their business.


External links

  • Official site
  • History:
  • 1890s: Cooke triplet
  • 1910s: Shackleton and World War I
  • 1920s: Hollywood and Everest conquered
  • 1940s: Bell & Howell
  • 1950s: Pros and amateurs
  • 1960s: The cinema advances
  • 1970s: 20–100mm
  • 1980s: Zoom, zoom, zoom
  • 1990s: Cooke S4 primes


Source

  • Wilkinson, Matthew, and Colin Glanfield. A lens collector’s vade mecum. (CD publication) “Version 7/5/2001″ (7 May 2001).

Moratorium (entertainment) practice if

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A moratorium in the home entertainment business refers to the practice of suspending the sales of DVD movies or DVD boxed sets after a certain period of time. The Walt Disney Company practices moratorium more than any other production company, often with releases of classic animated movies in the Disney catalog.

Disney is not the only studio that puts movies on moratorium. Universal Pictures used this practice with the release of the Back to the Future DVD boxed set, and George Lucas used this practice with the Star Wars DVD boxed set, however the moratorium has apparently been lifted on Back to the Future for a 20th anniversary edition of the boxed set and on Star Wars, once Star Wars Episode III was released to theaters.

The practice of moratorium is severely frowned upon by consumers because it forces higher sale prices. A normal DVD that is sold under moratorium can sell at retail for a very high price relative to the general run of DVDs. However, prices are known to drop near the end of the issue. In the past, a moratorium created urgency for people interested in a film to obtain it before it became unavailable. However, online auction sites such as Ebay have greatly eliminated this urgency since most popular films in moratorium are readily available for second hand purchase at any time.


See also

  • “Disney Vault”

Confocal Contact Lens

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Confocal means having the same foci.

  • In conic sections, it is said of two ellipses, two hyperbolas, or an ellipse and a hyperbola which share both foci with each other. If an ellipse and a hyperbola are confocal, they are perpendicular to each other.
  • In optics, it means that one focus or image point of one lens is the same as one focus of the next lens.


See also

  • Confocal laser scanning microscopy
  • Confocal microscopy

Posterior external jugular vein External

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The posterior external jugular vein begins in the occipital region and returns the blood from the skin and superficial muscles in the upper and back part of the neck, lying between the Splenius and Trapezius.

It runs down the back part of the neck, and opens into the external jugular vein just below the middle of its course.


See also

  • jugular vein

Madingou Republic of

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Madingou is a town located in southern Republic of the Congo. It is the capital city of the Bouenza Region.

December 30, 2007

Live 95FM located in Limerick Republic

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Live 95FM is a radio station in the Republic of Ireland owned by UTV Radio, broadcasting to Limerick city and county


History

The station was launched from O’Connell Street in Limerick as the “New 95FM” on November 6, 1997 as a replacement for the previous local radio franchise holder Limerick 95 which broadcast from 1989 until 1997. When Limerick 95 finally lost its licence to broadcast in 1997 (after unsuccessful legal battles to reverse an IRTC decision to terminate its licence), the 95FM frequency was unused with just a test tone for months before Live 95fm took over. The first song to be aired on the station was “Dreams” by Limerick band The Cranberries. Throughout the late-1990s the station began to increase in popularity with Limerick people and the station was always ranked high in JNLR/MRBI listenership ratings, despite continued competition from Radio Limerick One, which had continued as a pirate radio.


Reinvention

In 2000 the station changed its name from “New 95fm” to “Limerick’s Live 95fm”. The start of the new decade also saw the station move out of its O’Connell Street base and move to Radio House on the Dock Road in Limerick. The introduction of new shows and DJ’s improved the stations status and became Limerick’s most listened to radio station with 58% of Limerick people tuning into the station every weekday by 2003. Its success continues.


Shows and Competitions

The station is renowned for its fast moving shows and prize winning competitions as well as its sports commentary. Over the years a number of such shows and competitions have come and gone.

Cash-Call:
The Cash-Call competition ran until 2003 and comprised of a number between 1 and 99 given out after the news every hour. At the end of the hour the station would phone up a member of the public and ask them if they heard what the number was. If the person got it right, they would win €250. The competition was replaced by “Cash On The Streets”. The Cash-Call had been a feature for many years on Cork’s 96FM since the early 1990s.

Hot-7-@-7:
Every weekday at 19:00, DJ JP Dillon would run down the top 7 requested traks of the day. It also included a competition line where Declan would phone somebody back and ask them what song was played at a particular chart number. The “Hot-7-@-7″ ran until 2004 and was replaced by “Most Wanted”.

Cash On The Streets:
This popular money winning competition was introduced in the summer of 2004 and is still running. Members of the Live 95FM crew go out onto the streets of Limerick and ask members of the public if they know “The phrase that pays” or “What radio station do you listen to?”. If that person replies “I Listen To Limerick’s Live 95FM”, they instantly win €50. If they can show it written down on paper or on a mobile phone, they win €100. Sometimes, especially during the summer, the prize money is doubled or trebled. The competition resembles a similar technique adapted by Atlantic 252 in the 1990s.

Most Wanted:
This show runs from 20:00 to 22:00 every weekday night and is a slight rendition of 2FM’s “Most Wanted” show which ran until 2003. The concept of the show is pretty simple - people ring up and request their favourite chart tracks. The songs with the most requests get played.

Hot Mix (formally “Emma’s Saturday Night Party”):
6 hours of non-stop party music from 6pm to midnight with Eric Murphy every Saturday night.

Contact (mathematics) contact

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In mathematics, contact of order k of functions is an equivalence relation, corresponding to having the same value at a point P and also the same derivatives there, up to order k. Equivalence classes are generally called jets.

One speaks also of curves and geometric objects having k-th order contact at a point: this is also called osculation (i.e. kissing), generalising the property of being tangent. See for example osculating circle and osculating orbit.

Contact forms are particular differential forms of degree 1 on odd-dimensional manifolds; see contact geometry. Contact transformations are related changes of co-ordinates, of importance in classical mechanics. See also Legendre transformation.

Contact between manifolds is often studied in singularity theory, where the type of contact are classified, these include the A series (A0: crossing, A1: tangent, A2: osculating, …) and the umbilic or D-series where there is a high degree of contact with the sphere.

Contents


Contact between curves

Two curves in the plane intersecting at a point p are said to have:

  • 1-point contact if the curves have a simple crossing (not tangent).
  • 2-point contact if the two curves are tangent.
  • 3-point contact if the curvatures of the curves are equal. Such curves are said to be osculating.
  • 4-point contact if the derivatives of the curvature are equal.
  • 5-point contact if the second derivatives of the curvature are equal.


Contact between a curve and a circle

For a smooth curve S in the plane then for each point, S(t) on the curve then there is always exactly one osculating circle which has radius 1/κ(t) where κ(t) is the curvature of the curve at t. If the curve has zero curvature (i.e. an inflection point on the curve) then the osculating circle will be a straight line. The set of the centers of all the osculating circles form the evolute of the curve.

If the derivative of curvature κ’(t) is zero, then the osculating circle will have 4-point contact and the curve is said to have a vertex. The evolute will have a cusp at the center of the circle. The sign of the second derivative of curvature determines whether the curve has a local minimum or maximum of curvature. All closed curves will have at least four vertices, two minima and two maxima (the four-vertex theorem).

In general a curve will not have 5-point with any circle. However, 5-point contact can occur generically in a 1-parameter family of curves, where two vertices (one maximum and one minimum) come together and annihilate. At such points the second derivative of curvature will be zero.


Bi-tangents

It is also possible to consider circles which have two point contact with two points S(t1), S(t2) on the curve. Such circles are bi-tangent circles. The centers of all bi-tangent circles form the symmetry set. The medial axis is a sub set of the symmetry set. These sets have been used as a method of characterising the shapes of biological objects.


References

Harnes Contact Lens

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Harnes is a commune of northern France.

Postal code is 62440
Population (1999): 13,797 (harnésiens)

Harnes is twinned with the town of Loanhead in Midlothian, Scotland.


Administration

Harnes is the chief town of the canton of Harnes, in the Pas-de-Calais département, arrondissement of Lens. It belongs to the communauté d’agglomération of Lens-Liévin (Communaupole) which gathers 36 communes, with a total population of 250,000 inhabitants.


External links

  • Communauté d’agglomération de Lens-Liévin (in French)

Hugh Johnson Johnson

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Hugh Johnson may refer to:

  • Hugh Johnson (cinematographer)
  • Hugh Johnson (wine writer)
  • Hugh Samuel Johnson, American general and administrator

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